Kellan Kissinger
ENC 4218 Ethics of Visual Representation Project
Positive Representation
How the Shelter Reveals
"Given the inherent complexity of breed assignment based on morphology coupled with negative breed perceptions, removing breed labels is a relatively low-cost strategy that will likely improve outcomes for dogs in animal shelters.
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- Lisa Gunter, Rebecca Barber, & Clive Wynne, "What's in a Name? Effect of Breed Perception & Labeling on Attractiveness, Adoptions & Length of Stay for Pit-Bull-Type Dogs"
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As discussed in the introduction of this project, the term "pit bull" applies to a great many number of dog breeds, such as "American and English bulldogs, Staffordshire Bull Terriers, American Staffordshire terriers and American Pit Bull terriers" (Gunter et al.). However, because the pit bull categorization of dog typically applies to a set of features, the term can apply to any type of dog, be it those specific breeds, mixes of those breeds and others, or really just any dog if it has the proper features. While this
might not seem like a huge issue, it becomes one when all of the dogs categorized
as pit bulls are perceived the be bad dogs.
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Many shelters have attempted to combat this perception through a variety of awareness campaigns. One well known campaign was conducted by the Animal Farm Foundation (AFF). Originally, AFF began as a horse rescue but they shifted their focus after their founder, Jane Berkley, discovered that “pit bull” dog owners were not welcome in a lot of communities and spaces. Berkley also experienced some of that herself when she adopted a “pit bull” from a local shelter. People made a lot of assumptions about her and her dog so she wanted to learn more about those stereotypes and help other dog owners. This facilitated the birth of the "All Dogs are Individuals" campaign. This initiative highlights how removing breed labels and shifting adoption and shelter marketing strategies to show the individual dog's story. They also focus their marketing strategies on the positive aspects of a dog's life. According to AFF, they believe shelters should "remember that you’re in the business of making people and pets happy. Don’t let a dog’s background overshadow their personality."
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AFF - "Removing Breed Labels in Shelters"


Fig. 18-19. AFF "All Dogs are Individuals" Campaign T-Shirt Design
This strategy is backed by both research and ethics. In an article titled "What's in a Name? Effect of Breed Perception & Labeling on Attractiveness, Adoptions & Length of Stay for Pit-Bull Type Dogs," a team of researchers explored many of the impact of implicit bias and stereotypes in the form of labeling and shelter marketing. They discovered various ways to market pit bulls to attempt to decrease the stigma surrounding them. For example, they found that "the pit-bull-type dog was perceived more negatively than the other breeds, but that impression was positively modulated by the presence of an elderly woman and a male child." This is especially interesting because the elderly and children are often some of the most common subjects or victims for news stories about pit bull attacks. Moreover, they found that "pit bull breed labels had a negative effect on the dogs' perceived attractiveness" and that "removing breed labels was associated with increased adoptions and reduced length of stay for all breed groups, particularly pit-bull-type dogs," in shelters. Considering Merritt's dissertation, we know that labeling (especially taking into account the stigma surrounding pit bulls) can sometimes cause implicit biases where only one perception of an entity or group is accepted or understood. However, by removing labeling in shelters it can help people look past the type of dog and see the individual underneath.
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At the end of the day, people simply don't understand that pit bulls are a product of their environment. They aren't born evil or aggressive like some people believe. They aren't going out of their way to hurt children or attack the elderly. They are normal dogs that, in some cases, have not been given the loving, kind family that all dogs deserve and have grown to be defensive and volatile because of that abuse. Still, we cannot fault the dog for the behaviors they have been taught by humans that have abused them, whether that teaching was intentional (i.e. dog fighting, illegal practice) or unintentional (i.e. abuse leading to defensive, volatile, or territorial behavior). Pit bulls are just dogs looking for love. Below you can find more positive videos and images that work to dash the stigma surrounding pit bulls:
Best Friends Save Them All - "Home starts with you"

The Love Pit Rescue (TLP) - "Hello Good Human," Opening Video on Website
Fig. 20. Best Friends Save Them All - Photo under BSL (Breed Specific Legislation) information

Fig. 21. Rescue Ranch - "We do it for the Dogs," Opening Page on Website

Fig. 22. Missouri Pit Bull Rescue - Dog of the Month